Research interests include elucidating mechanisms by which opioids, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and general anesthetics alter breathing and arousal states. Methods employed include but are not limited to: in vivo microdialysis, intracranial drug administration, sleep studies, HPLC, whole body plethysomography, capillary electrophoresis interfaced to laser-induced florescence, and in vitro autoradiography.